Unit I – Origin and Evolution of Microbiology – Contributions of Early Microbiologists – Classification of Microorganisms – Hackel’s three kingdom concepts – Whittaker’s five kingdom concepts – Classification and Salient features of bacteria according to the Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology – Cyanobacteria.

Unit II – Microscopy – Simple – compound, Dark – field, Phase contrast, Fluorescent and Electron microscopes – SEM, TEM, Freeze fraction confocal microscopy and their applications – Stains and Staining reactions – Simple, Differential and special staining techniques.

Unit III – Bacterial Anatomy – Structure – properties and biosynthesis of cellular components of Bacteria.  Culture media and Culture methods – Aerobic and Anaerobic – Preservation methods, sporulation and its mechanism.

Unit IV – Bacterial Physiology – Growth – factors – nutritional requirements for bacterial growth. Bacterial metabolism – Respiration – Fermentation – Photosynthesis.

Unit V – Microbial pathogenicity – Toxins – Characterization – mode of action – Antimicrobial chemotherapy – Antibiotics – Classification – Mode of action – drug resistance – Sensitivity tests – sterilization and disinfection – methods and Quality Control.

Text Books

1. Dubey RC & Maheswari DK (2005). A text book of Microbiology, Revised Multicolour Edition, Published by S. Chand & Company Limited, New Delhi
2. Purohit SS (2005). Microbiology – Fundamentals and Applications. Reprinted & Published by Student Edition, Behind Nasrani Cinema, Chopasani Road, Jodhpur,.
3. Pelczar TR, Chan ECS & Kreig NR (2006) Microbiology. 5^th Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill, New Delhi.
4. Powar CB & Daginawala HF (2005). General Microbiology – Volume I & II. 8^th Edition, himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
5. Salle AJ (2001). Fundamentals & Principles of Bacteriology. 7^th Edition. Tata McGraw – Hill, New Delhi.
6. Hans G Schlegel (2003).  General Microbiology. Low Price 7^th Edition, Cambridge University Press
7. Meenakumari S (2006) Microbiology Physiology. 1^st Edition, MJP Publishers, A unit of Tamil Nadu Book House, Chennai

Reference Book

1. Prescott M (2005) Microbiology. 6^th Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill, New Delhi
2. Albert G Moat & John W Foster (2004). Microbial Physiology. 4^th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Edward Alcamo (2001). Fundamentals of Microbiology. 6^th Edition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, New York.
4. Robert F Boyd (1984). General Microbiology. Times Mirror / Mosby College Publishers.

Unit – I – DNA – Evidences to prove DNA as genetic material – structure, Chemical composition and different forms of DNA. RNA – Evidences to prove RNA as genetic material – Structure and types of RNA. Gene transfer mechanisms – Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction and Transfection.  DNA Recombination – Holiday model.

Unit – II – DNA replication – Types – Mechanism – Enzymes involved in replication – Models of replication.  Genetic code.  Gene expression – Transcription – Translation. Gene regulation in bacteria – lac and trp operons. Mutation – Types – Mutagens – Detection of mutation and isolation of mutants. DNA repair – Mechanism and types.

Unit – III – Immunity – Innate immunity and Acquired immunity – Humoral and cell mediated immunity.  Organs and cells of the immune system.  Cytokines – Structure and functions.  Antigens – Types of properties.  Immunoglobulin – Structure, Function and Classes of Ig.  Monoclonal antibodies – Production and Applications.

Unit – IV – Antigen and antibody reactions – Agglutination, Precipitation, complement fixation, Immunofluorescence, ELISA, and RIA.  Complement activation – Classical and Alternative pathways – Regulation and biological consequences of activation of complement.  Structure and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules.  Transplantation immunology – Mechanism of graft rejection, Clinical manifestation, HLA tissue typing and immunosuppressive therapy.

Unit – V – Hypersensitivity Reaction – Type I, II, III and IV.  Auto immune diseases – Organ specific and systemic autoimmune diseases – Mechanism – Treatment.  Tumor immunology – Tumor antigens, Tumor evasion of the immune system and Cancer immunotherapy.  Vaccines – Types – immunization schedule.  Immunohaematology – Major and minor blood groups – ABO & Rh incompatibility.

Text Books

1. David Frifielder (2005). Molecular Biology. 2^nd Edition. Narosa Publishers, New Delhi
2. Robert H Tamarin (2004). Principles of Genetics. 7^th Edition. Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing House, New Delhi.
3.  Benjamin Lewin (2004). Genes VIII. Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
4. Brown TA (2003). Essential of Molecular Biology Freeman Publishing House.
5. Peter J Russel (2002). Genetics. Benjamin Cummings.
6. Richard A Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara A Osborne & Janis Kuby (2004). Immunology. 5^th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
7. Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostolf & David Male (2004). Immunology, 6^th Edition, reprinted, Mosby Publications, Edinburgh.
8. Tizard K (1983). Immunology – An introduction. Published by Saunders College, Philadelphia.

Food & Diary Microbiology

Unit – I – Food as substrate for microorganisms – Molds – Yeasts & Bacteria.  Factors influencing microbial growth in food.  Food preservation – Asepsis – removal of microbes – chemical preservatives and food additives – Canning.  Contamination of food and spoilage – spoilage of canned foods – Detection of spoilage and characterization.

Unit – II – Food – borne infections and intoxications – Bacterial and non – bacterial with examples of infective and toxic types – Laboratory testing procedures – Preventive measures – Food control agencies and its regulations fermented dairy products – cheese, butter other fermented products – Fermented vegetables, oriental fermented foods.

Industrial and pharmaceutical microbiology   

Unit – III – Industrially important microorganisms – Screening techniques – strain improvements – mutation and recombination DNA techniques for strain development. Development of inoculum for various fermentation processes.  Media for industrial fermentation – formulation – sterilization.  Fermentation types and cultures – Down stream processing – recovery and purification of industrial products.

Unit – IV – Fermentor – components – types of fermentors, body construction and temperature control – aeration and agitation systems – sterilization of fermentor and air supply, aseptic inoculation methods.  Stirring and mixing agents, control of pH and foam pressure – computer in fermentation technology.

Unit – V – Industrial production of Wine, Ethanol.  Organic acid – Citric acid – Antibiotic – Penicillin – Vitamin B₁₂ – Enzyme - a - Amylase. Microbial production of Vaccines – BCG – Toxoid – Tetanus – Preparation of antisera and their standardization – Biotransformations.

Text Books      

1.    Adams MR & MO Moss (2005). Food Microbiology.  1^st Edition. Reprinted, Published by New Age International (P) Limited. Publishers, New Delhi

2.    James M Jay (2004). Modern Food Microbiology. 4^th Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi

3.    Banwart GJ (2004) Basic Food Microbiology. 2^nd Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

4.    Frazier WC & Westhoff DC (1997). Food Microbiology 4^th Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Limited – New Delhi

5.    Agarwal AK & Pradeep Parihar (2006). Industrial Microbiology.  Published by Student Edition, Behind Nasrani Cinema, Chopasani Road, Jodhpur.

6.    Patel AH (2005). Industrial Microbiology.  Published by Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

7.    Peppler HJ & D Perlman (2004).  Microbial Technology – Fermentation Technology. 2^nd Edition, Published by Academic Press (An imprint of Elsvier).  Volume I and II.

8.    Purohit SS, AK Saluja, HN Kakrani (2004). Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.  I^st Edition, Agrobios (India)

Unit – I – Biostatistics – Meaning, Principle and importance, collection, classification, Presentation of data – graphs, diagrams and tables.  Analysis of data.  Averages, dispersion, correlation, Regression.  Tool vibration – population, samples & sampling techniques.  Point of interval estimation.  Testing of hypothesis using t-test, chi-square test and test for ANOVA.

Unit – II – Research methodology – Research- classification of research – planning of research – selection of research problem – formulation of research design – review of literature – review and synopsis presentation.  Research process, research designs – preparation of research report.  Guide lines for preparing an article.  Computer in biological research.

Unit – III – Centrifugation techniques.  Centrifugal force and principle of sedimentation.  Types of centrifuges and their uses.  Separation methods – Differential centrifugation, Density gradient centrifugation.  Electrochemical technique – pH – electrode.

Unit – IV – Chromatographic techniques – Paper, Thin layer Chromatography, GLC, HPLC, Electrophoresis – Principle, Components, Medium, Buffers, Paper electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis and application of electrophoresis. Blotting techniques and its applications – PCR and its applications.

Unit - V – Spectroscopic techniques : Beer – Lambert’s law – Spectrophotometry analysis – Atomic absorption spectroscopy – NMR. Radioisotope techniques – Types of radio active decay. Half life, Measurement of radioactivity and biological applications of radioisotope techniques.

REFERENCES

Biostatistics

1. Wayne W Daniel (2001). Biostatistics. A foundation for analysis in the health sciences.  7^th edition, John Wileys Sons (ASIA) Pvt. Ltd.
2. SUNDAR RAO PSS & Richard J. (2004). An Introduction to Biostatistics 3^rd Edition, Prentice-Hall Publication.
3. Kothari CR (2005) Research Methodology 2^nd Edition New Age International Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Mahajan BK (2005) Methods in Biostatistics. 6^th Edition, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers.

Bioinstrumentation

1.    John G. Webster (2004) Bioinstrumentation, Student Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

2.    Keith Wilson & John Walker (2003) Practical Biochemistry Principles and Techniques. 5^th Edition, Cambridge University Press.

3.    Asokan P (2001) Analytical Biochemistry (Biochemical Techniques). 1^st Edition. 2^nd Reprint. Published by Chinna Publications. Melvisharam. Vellore, Tamil Nadu.

4.    Palanivelu P. (2001). Analytical Biochemistry and Separation Techniques. A Laboratory Manual 2^nd Edition. Published by Tulsi Book Centre, Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

5.    Gurumani N. (2006) Research Methodology for Biological Sciences. I^st Edition. MJP Publishers, Chennai.

6.    Jognand SN (2004) Gene Biotechnology, Published by Himalaya Publishing House. Mumbai.

General Microbiology

¨      Handling and maintenance of bright field microscopy.

¨      Micrometry – Measurement of microorganisms

¨      Motility determination – Hanging drop method.

¨      Staining – Simple, Gram’s, Acid – fast, Spore, Capsule

¨      Pure culture techniques : Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate.

¨      Growth curve

v  Non – visual method – Turbidity method – Spectrophotometer.

¨      Effect of various factors on growth of bacteria

v  Temperature

v  pH

¨      Biochemical tests for identification of bacteria

¨      Antibiotic sensitivity test – Kirby – Bauer & Stoke’s methods.

Microbial Genetics

¨      Isolation of mutants by replica plating and gradient plate technique.

¨      Mutagenesis : Induction and isolation of Auxotrophic / drug resistant mutants of bacteria.

¨      Bacterial conjugation

¨      Bacterial transformation

¨      Phage titration – Induction of lysogeny, lytic cyle – Lambda phage.

¨       Isolation of phage from sewage.

¨      Isolation of genomic DNA from blood cells. 

Immunology

¨      ABO Blood grouping – Rh typing and cross matching.

¨      Agglutination tests.

v  WIDAL – slide and tube test

v  RA test

v  ASO test

v  CRP test

v  TPHA test

¨      Precipitation reaction

v  Ouchterlony’s Double Immunodiffusion test (ODD)

Unit – I – Collection and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological examinations.  Virulence factors of bacteria causing human infections - Normal flora of human body. Laboratory diagnosis of bacteria, fungi, parasites & viruses.

Unit – II – Bacteriology – Morphology, Culture, biochemical, pathogenicity, Lab diagnosis and prevention of bacterial diseases – Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis – Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentriae, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli – Spirocheates.

Unit – III – Mycology – Superficial Mycosis – Pityriacis versicolor, cutaneous mycosis – dermatophytosis, subcutaneous mycosis – sporotrichosis, systemic mycosis – Histoplasmosis, opportunistic mycosis. Candidosis, Cryptococcosis – Antifungal agents – Mycotoxins – Parasitology – Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia solium, Ancylostoma dudenale, Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Unit - IV – Medical Virology – DNA viruses – Pox, Herpes, Hepatitis Viruses – RNA viruses – Picorna, Arbo viruses – Rhabdo, HIV and oncogenic viruses.

Unit – V – General diagnosis of meningitis, Acute respiratory tract infections, Urinary tract infection, Gastroenteritis, Pyrexia of Unknown origin, Hospital acquired infection, Sexually transmitted diseases and Aids.    

Text Books

1.      Satish Gupte (2006).  The Short Text books of Medical Microbiology.  9^th Edition, Jaype Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

2.      Ananthanarayan R & CK Jayaram Paniker (2005). Text Book of Microbiology. 7^th Edition, Orient Longman Private Limited.

3.      Monica Cheesbrough (2003). District laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 1 & 2. Low – Price Edition, Cambridge University Press.

4.      Rajesh Bhatia & Rattan Lal Ichhpujani (2004) Essentials of Medical Microbiology.  3^rd Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

5.      Subhash Chandra Parija (2004). Text book of Medical Parasitology – Protozoology and Helminthology. 2^nd Edition, Published by All India Publishers & Distributors, Medical Books Publishers, New Delhi.

6.      Mehrotra Rs & KR Aneja (2006). An Introduction to Mycology. Reprinted and Published by New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi.

Reference Book  

1.    Baron EJ, Peterson LR and Finegold SM (1994). Bailey and Scott’s – Diagnostic Microbiology. 9^th Edition, Mosby Publications.

2.    Topley & Wilsons (1995). Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology, Edward Arnold, London.

3.    Morag C 7 MC Timbury (1994). Medical virology. 10^th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, London.

4.    Patric R Murray (1990). Medical Microbiology. Mosby Publications.

Unit – I – Properties of soil – Structure, texture and formation. Role of microbes in soil fertility – Influence of soil and environmental factors on microflora.  Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms.

Unit – II – Biological nitrogen fixation – Diazotrophs – Symbiotic and Non – Symbiotic bacteria and cyanobacteria – Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation – Nitrogenase – Mechanism of nitrogenase – Protection of nitrogenase from oxygen – Hydrogenase.  Biochemistry and physiology of fixed nitrogen in legume symbiotic system.

Unit – III- Microbial interaction between microbes, interaction of microbes with plants – Rhizoplane, Rhizosphere, Pyllosphere, Spermosphere, Mycorrhiza.  Biofertilizer and Biocontrol agents – Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum – Mass multiplication, field application and crop response. Biopesticide (Bacterial, fungal and viral) – Biological control (Trichoderma viridae, Pseudomonas fluorescens) – Mode of action, formulation and application methods.

Unit – IV – Microbiology of air – Microbial contamination of air – Enumeration of bacteria in air – Air sampling devices – Air sanitation.  Microbiology of water – water pollution and water borne pathogens – Indicator organisms – Bacteriological examination of water.  Microbiology of sewage – Chemical and biochemical characters – Sewage treatment and disposal of wastes – Pollution problems and their control.  Organic waste pollution (solid & liquid) – BOD – COD and treatment.

Unit – V – Positive role of microbes in environment – Degradation – Microbial conversion of solid waste to food (Mushroom, SCP), fuels (Biogas, Ethanol), Bioleaching of ores, Biodegradation – Lignin – Pesticide – Recalcitrant – Bioremediation – types and its application.  Negative roles of microbes in environment – Biodeterioration of paper – wood – paint.  Metal corrosion – GMO and their impact.

Text Books

1.    Subba Rao NS (2004). Soil Microbiology. 4^th Edition, Oxford & IBH Pubilshing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

2.    Rangaswami G & Mahadevan A (2002). Diseases of Crop Plants in India. 4^th Edition, Prentice – Half of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3.    Subba Rao NS (1995). Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry. 3^rd Edition, Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

4.    Robert L Tate (1995). Soil Microbiology. 1^st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 

5.    Atlas RN & Bartha R (1998). Microbial Ecology, 4^th Edition, Benjamin Cummings.

6.    Jogdand SN (2004). Environmental Biotechnology. Reprinted & Published by Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai

7.    Singh DP & SK Dwivedi (2005). Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1st Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi.

8.    Mitchell R (1974) Introduction to Environmental Microbiology. Prentice-Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy. 

Unit – I – Scope of genetic engineering, Milestones in Genetic Engineering, DNA Sequencing, Synthesis and mutation, detection and separation, cloning, gene expression, Genetic engineering guidelines.  Molecular tools and their applications.  Restriction enzymes, modification enzymes.  Nucleic acid purification.

Unit – II – Gene cloning vectors – Plasmids, bacteriophages, phagemids, cosmids, artifical chromosomes, restriction mapping of DNA fragments.  cDNA synthesis.

Unit – III – PCR Methods and application. DNA sequencing methods – dideoxy and chemical methods.  Sequencing assembly.  Automated sequencing. Genomic sequencing and physical mapping of genomes.

Unit – IV – Biotechnology – Definitions & History – Enzyme Biotechnology – enzyme population from microbes - applications – enzyme immobilization – products.  Microbial algae biotechnology.  Biotechnological potentials of micro algae – food, Feed, fuel production – Pharmaceutically Valuable compounds of microalgae.

Unit – V – Biological industrial micro – organisms. Streptomyces, Yeasts (Saccharomyces, Hansenela) Spirulina and Peniciliium, Microbial products of commercial use – Pencillin, ethanol, vinegar, vitamin B12, Protease, Citric acid and glutamic acid.  Commerically useful non – microbial products – Insulin, interferons.  B-cell growth factors. Tissue plasmogen activation.

Text Books

1. Satyanarayana U (2005). Biotechnology. 1^st Edition, Published by Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata.
2. Dubey RC (2005). A Text Book of biotechnology. Multicolour illustrative Edition, Published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Jogdand SN (2005) Gene Biotechnology. Reprinted and Published by Himalaya Publishing House.  Mumbai.
4. Preeti Joshi (2005). Genetic Engineering and Its Applications. 1^st Edition & Reprinted. Published by Student Edition, Behind Nasrani Cinema, Chopasani Road, Jodhpur.

Reference Books

1.    Bernard R Glick (2003). Molecular Biotechnology Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. 3^rd Edition, ASM Press, Washington, DC.

2.    Winnacker EL (2003). From Genes to clones – Introduction to Gene technology. 1^st Edition, Indian Reprint, Panima Publishing corporation, New Delhi.

3.    Sambrose and Russel (2000) Molecular cloning. 3 volumes, CSH Press.

4.    Brown TA (2001). Gene cloning & DNA Analysis Introduction. 4^th Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd., London. 

Medical Microbiology

Bacteriology

¨      Collection and transport of clinical specimens from sputum, pus, urine, faeces, blood and CSF.

¨      Identification of pathogenic bacteria from clinical specimens.

Parasitology

¨      Examination of parasities in clinical specimens – Ova / cysts in faeces – Direct and concentration methods – formal ether and zinc sulphate methods – Saturated saline – technique.

¨      Blood smear examination for malarial parasites

Mycology

¨      Collection and transport of clinical specimens – Direct microscopy – KOH and Lactophenol cotton blue preparations for skin scrapings, for fungi and for scabies mites – Cultivation of fungi – Culture media and their uses in fungal cultivation.

¨      Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens from clinical specimens, their biochemical and specific identification tests.

Clinical specimens

Fungi

i)        Nail / Skin scrapping

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