St. Peters University
The Distance Education programmes are offered from the academic year 2009-2010. The system of Distance Education includes openness and flexibility to a greater extent. It is open to all adults in india.
Years1
UNIT – I: Types of Reactions, Mechanisms and Reaction intermediates
Types of reactions : Substitutions, Additions, Eliminations, Rearrangements, Oxidations and Reductions reactions – a general study.
Reaction mechanisms: Types of mechanisms : Heterolytic, Homolytic and Pericyclic mechanisms – a general study.
Reaction intermediates: Formation, stability and structure of carbonium ions, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes and free radicals.
Long lived and short lived free radicals, methods of generation and detection of free radicals, free radical reactions: Sandmeyer reaction, Gomberg-Bachmann reaction, Pschorr reaction and Ullmann reaction, mechanism of Hunsdiecker reaction.
Concept of chirality, recognition of symmetry elements and chiral structures, R – S nomenclature, Fischer, Newman and Sawharse projections of erythro and threo forms of organic molecules and their interconversion. Optical activity in the absence of chiral carbon – biphenyls, allenes and spiranes – R and S notations. Chirality due to helical shape, trans cyclooctene, cyclononene. E – Z isomerism of olefins containing one double bond . Stereochemistry and Conformational Analysis : Stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis with one suitable example, asymmetric synthesis – Crams rule, Conformational analysis and stereochemical features of disubstituted cyclohexanes ( 1,2 ; 1,3 ; 1,4 dialkyl cyclo hexanes ), conformation and stereochemistry of cis and trans decalins,
The SN2, SN1,mixed SN1 and SN2, SNi and SET mechanisms. The neighbouring group mechanism, neighbouring group participation by p and s bonds, anchimeric assistance. Nucleophilic substitution at an allylic, aliphatic trigonal and vinylic carbon.
Reactivity effects of substrates structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium, ambident nucleophile, regioselectivity. Substitution at carbon doubly bonded to oxygen and nitrogen, Williamson reaction, Von-braun reaction, hydrolysis of esters, Claisen and Dieckmann condensation.
UNIT IV: Heterocyclic Compounds
Synthesis and properties of imidazole, oxazole, thiazole and indole.
The arenium ion mechanism, typical reactions like nitration, sulphonation, haloganation, Friedal-Crafts alkylation, acylation and diazonium coupling, electrophilic substitution on monosubstituted benzene, orientation and reactivity-ortho, meta and para directing groups, Gatterman, Gatterman-koch, Vilsmeir, Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions, the SNAr, mechanism, aromatic nucleophilic substitution of activated halides-Ziegler alkylation, Chichibabin reaction.
Aromaticity of benzenoid, heterocyclic and non-benzenoid compounds, Huckel rule, aromatic systems with pi electron compounds other than six pi electrons, non-aromatic (cyclooctatetraene, etc.,) and anti aromatic systems (cyclobutadiene, etc.,), systems with more than 10 pi electrons.
2. Francis A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, Third Edition, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 1996.
4. R.T.Morrison and R.N.Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn., Prentice- Hall,1992.
5. R.O.C. Norman, Principles of Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Chapman and Hall, 1978.
6. R.M.Acheson, Introduction to Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, 2nd Edn.,
Interscience Publishers, 1967.
7. J.A. Joule and G.F. Smith, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Van Notrand Reishord Co., London, 1978.
UNIT I : Structure and Bonding
Van der Waals bonding, Hydrogen bonding and applications, Hard and Soft acids and bases-classification, Acid-Base strength, hardness, Symbiosis, Theoretical basis of Hardness and Softness, applications of HSAB.
Polyacids - Isopolyacids of V, Cr, Mo and W; Heteropolyacids of Mo and W (only structural aspects).
Inorganic polymers – Silicates – structure, Pauling’s rule, properties, correlation and application; Molecular sieves.
Rings – Phosphazenes – Structure, Craig and Peddock model, Dewar model, polyorganophosphazenes, Polysulphur-nitrogen compounds.
Nuclear properties - Nuclear spin and moments, origin of nuclear forces, features of the liquid drop and the shell models of the nucleus; Modes of radioactive decay - orbital electron capture, nuclear isomerism, internal conversion; Detection and determination of activity - Cloud chamber, nuclear emulsion, Bubble chamber, GM, Scintillation and Cherenkov counters.
Nuclear reactions - Types, reaction cross section, Q-value, threshold energy, compound nuclear theory, high energy nuclear reactions, nuclear fission and fusion reactions as energy sources, direct reactions, photonuclear and thermo nuclear reactions, Stellar energy, synthesis of elements.
Applications relating to Nuclear Chemistry - Neutron activation analysis, Radio pharmacology, Radiation protection and safety precautions, Isotope dilution analysis.
Radiation Chemistry - Range of alpha and beta radiations, radiation dosimetry, radiolysis of water, the hydrated electron.
UNIT III: Stability and bonding in complexes
Stability of complexes -Factors affecting stability of complexes, thermodynamic aspects of complex formation, Stepwise and overall formation constants, stability correlations, statistical and chelate effects; Determination of stability constant - polarographic, photometric and potentiometric methods.
Stereochemical aspects - Stereoisomerism in inorganic complexes, isomerism arising out of ligand distribution and ligand conformation, chilarity and nomenclature of chiral complexes; application of ORD and CD in the identification of chirality of complexes.
Macrocyclic ligands - types - porphyrins, corrins, Schiff’s bases, crown ethers and cryptates. (simple complexes )
Metal-Ligand Bonding Crystal field theory - Splitting of d- orbitals under various geometries, factors affecting splitting, CFSE, evidences for CFSE (Structural and thermodynamic effects), Spectrochemical series, Jorgensen relation, site preferences; Jahn-Teller distortion - Splitting pattern in trigonal pyramid, square pyramidal and cubic symmetries, Dynamic and Static J.T. effect, Jahn-Teller effect and Chelation; Limitations of CFT; Evidences for metal-ligand overlap; M.O. theory and energy level diagrams, concept of weak and strong fields, sigma and pi bonding in complexes, nephelauxetic eff
Spectroscopic Term symbols for dn ions - derivation of term symbols and ground state term symbol, Hund’s rule; Selection rules – break down of selection rules, spin- orbit coupling, band intensities, weak and strong field limits- correlation diagram; Energy level diagrams; Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams; effect of distortion and spin orbit coupling on spectra; Evaluation of Dq and B values for octahedral complexes of Nickel; Charge transfer spectra; , magnetic properties of complexes.
UNIT V: Analytical Chemistry
Polarography - Theory, apparatus, DME, diffusion, kinetic catalytic currents, current voltage curves for reversible and irreversible systems; qualitative and quantitative applications to Inorganic systems.
Amperometric titrations - Theory, apparatus, types of titration curves, successive titrations and two indicator electrodes; applications; Complexometric titrations - Chelating agents; types of EDTA titration - direct and back titrations; replacement titrations - masking and demasking reagents.
Chromatography - Gas liquid chromatography – principle; retention volumes; instrumentation; carrier gas; columns preparations; stationary phase; detectors - thermal conductivity, flame ionization, electron capture; applications of GLC.
High performance liquid chromatography – scope; column efficiency; instrumentation; pumping systems; columns; column packing; detectors; applications.
Text Books :
7. D.A. Skoog, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Saunders College Pub.Co, III Edn., 1985.
8. J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, McGraw Hill Publishers, 1974.
9. A.I Vogel, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Pearson V Edn., 2001.
10. R.C. Kapoor and B.S. Agarwal, Principles of polarography, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1991.
1964.
5.
Maxwell’s relations and thermodynamic equations of state – applications in the evaluation of Cp – Cv for solids and for vanderwaals gases, Cp – Cv interms of coefficient of expansion and coefficient of compressibility – Relation between Cp and Cv – Partial molar properties- Gibbs – Duhem equation- Partial molar free energy ( Chemical Potential) – Determination of chemical potential [Direct method and Method of Intercepts] and partial molar volume – variation of chemical potential with Temperature and Pressure – Thermodynamic derivation of phase rule – application to three component systems involving solids and liquids
(CH3 COOH – CHCl3 – H2O, NaCl – Na2SO4 - H2O and NH4 NO3 –( NH4)2 SO4 -H 2O).
UNIT –II: Statistical Thermodynamics
Objectives of Statistical Thermodynamics – concept of thermodynamical and mathematical probabilities – Distribution of distinguishable and non- distinguishable particles.
Maxwell – Bottzmann, Bose – Einstein and Fermi – Dirac statistics – comparison and application.
Partition Functions – evaluation of Translational, Vibrational, Rotational and Electronic partition Function – Thermodynamic Functions in terms of partition Function – Application of Partition Function to monatomic and diatomic gases – Statistical expression for equilibrium Constant – Calculation of Equilibrium Constant from Partition Function – ( isotope exchange equilibrium and dissociation of diatomic molecules) – Heat capacities of Monatomic crystals – Einstein and Debye theory of heat capacities.
UNIT –III: Group Theory –I
Symmetry elements and symmetry operations – Point groups – identification and representation of groups – comparison of Molecular symmetry with Crystallographic symmetry – Reducible and irreducible representation – Direct product representation – Great orthogonality theorem and its consequences – Character Table and their uses.
UNIT –IV: Group Theory – II
Symmetry selection rules for vibrational, Electronic and Raman Spectra – determination of representation of vibrational modes in non- linear molecules such as H2O, CH4, XeF4, SF6 and NH3 – symmetry of Hybrid orbitals in non- linear molecule ( BF3, CH4, XeF4, PCl5, and SF6,) – Electronic spectra of formaldehyde – application of group theory.
Theories of Reaction rates – Arrhenius theory – effect of temperature on reaction rate – Hard – Sphere collision theory of reaction rates – molecular beams – collision cross section – effectiveness of collisions – Probability factor.
Transition state theory of reaction rates - Potential energy surface – Partion functions and activated complex – Eyring equation - Comparison of results with Eyring and Arrhenius equations – Estimation of free energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation and their significance.
Reference Books
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Monomers, repeat units, degree of Polymerization, Linear , branched and network Polymers.Condensation Polymerization :Mechanism of stepwise polymerisation .Kinetics and statistics of linear stepwise polymerization.Addition polymerization :Free radical , cationic and anionic polymerization. Polymerization conditions. Polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
Kinetics, mono and bimetallic mechanism of co-ordination polymers.. Co-Polymerization : Block and graft co-polymers, Kinetics of copolymerization. Types of co-polymerization. Evaluation of monomer. Reactivity ratio. Rate of Co-Polymerization.
UNIT III: Molecular Weight and Properities
Polydispersion – average molecular weight concept, number ,weight and viscosity average molecular weights. Measurement of molecular weights. Gel permeation chromatography, viscosity, light scattering, osmotic and ultracentrifugation methods. Polymer structure and physical properities – crystalline melting point Tm . The glass transition temperature. Determination of Tg . Relationship between Tm and Tg .
UNIT IV: Polymer Processing
Plastics, elastomers and fibres. Compounding processing techniques : calendering, die casting , rotational casting, film casting , injection moulding, blow moulding extrusion moulding, thermoforming, foaming , reinforcing and fibre spinning.
UNIT V: Properties of Commercial Polymers
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides, polyesters, phenolic resins, epoxy resins and silicone polymers. Functional polymers – Fire retarding polymers and electrically conducting polymers. Biomedical polymers – contact lens, dental polymers, artificial heart, kidney, skin and blood cells.
Text Books
1. F.W.Billmeyer, TextBook of Polymer Science, 3rd Edn., J.Wiley, 2003.
2. V.R.Gowarker, N.V.Viswanathan and J.Sreedhar, Polymer Science, New Age Int.,1986.
1. H.R.Alcock and F.W.Lamber, Contemporary Polymer Chemistry, Prentice Hall,1981.
2. P.J.Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University press, Newe York, 1953.
3. G.Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 2nd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York,1981.
UNIT-II: IR and Raman Spectra
Theory, principle, instrumentation of IR and Raman Spectra. Characteristic group frequencies of organic molecule, Factors influencing vibrational frequencies, interpretation of IR spectra of organic molecules. Raman spectroscopy – Raman effect – Rotational and vibrational Raman Spectra. Applications of Raman Spectra.
Theory, principle, instrumentation of UV – VIS and Emission spectra.
Applications of UV – VIS and Emission spectra.
UNIT-IV: 1H and 13C NMR Spectra
NMR spectroscopy : Theory, principle, instrumentation, Chemical shift, factors influencing chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, NMR of simple AX and AMX type organic molecules, calculation of coupling constants, identification of H in various chemical environments to assign structure to the organic molecules using chemical shift values, resonance coupled and decoupled spectra 13C NMR, applications of 13C NMR to find the different carbon functional groups.
UNIT-V: Mass spectra
Mass spectra – theory, principle, instrumentation and applications. McLafferty rearrangement, fragmentation pattern, Examples of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds with respect to their structure determination.
1. Y. R. Sharma, Elimentary Organic Spectroscopy, 1st Edn., S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1980.
2. J. Dyer, Application of absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds, Prentice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005
2. Raymond chang, Basic principles of Spectroscopy, McGraw Hill Ltd., New York, 1971
3. C.N.Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy, Mc Graw Hill, Newyork, 1966.
1. R.M Silverstein, C.G. Bassler and Monsil, Spectrometric identification of organic
compounds, 6th Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York 2004.
2. William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, ELBS, New Delhi, 1982.
3. S. Kalsi, Spectroscopy of organic compounds, 5th Edn., Wiley Eastern Ltd., Madras,
2002.
4. C.N.Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw Hill, New York,1966.
5. A.Carrigton and A.D.McLachlan, Introduction to Magnetic Resonance, Harper and Row New York 1967.
6. R.Drago, Physical methods in Inorganic Chemistry, Reinhold, Ny.1968.
7. G.M.Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, McGrawHill,
NewYork,1962.
8. W.Kemp, NMR in Chemistry, MacMillan Ltd,1986.
9. G.W.King, Spectroscopy and Molecular structure, Holt, Rienehart and winston
10. C.N.R.Rao, J.R.Ferraro, Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, Methven Co.,
London. 1968.
11.Raymond Chang, Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, Mc Graw Hill Ltd., New York,
Definition, classification, a historical perspective, nanoparticles, nanocrystal, quantum dot, nanometer., new properties of nanomaterials, nanomaterials in medicine, information storage, sensors, new electronic devices, environmental remediation, clean catalysts. Metal nanoparticles, Chemical bonding and properties of bulk metals as well as metal nanoparticals. Gas phase and chemical synthetic methods to metal nanoparticles, nanoelectrons, conductivity of nanoelectrons.
Nanotubes, Nanocrystal shape, Sequestration of gases, destructive adsorption of environmental toxins, Optical properties, Magnetic properties of nanoscale materials – diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and supermagnetism. Size dependent properties such as coercivity ( magnetic memory ) and saturation magnetization, nanoparticles in polymers, inks, fluids, dyes and catalysis. Nanocrystals as colorants, ultraviolet absorbers, electronics and in biomedical applications.
The need for green chemistry and eco-efficiency, environmental protection laws, challenges and green chemistry education, pollution control and pollution prevention – green methods, green products, recycling of waste.
Twelve principles of green chemistry, inception of green chemistry, awards for green chemistry and international organizations promoting green chemistry.
UNIT-IV: Solvent Free Organic Synthesis
Solvent free microwave assisted organic synthesis – microwave activation, microwave heating, advantages of microwave exposure and specific effects of microwaves. Organic synthesis under microwaves – benefits, limitations, equipments.
Reactions on solid supports, phase transfer catalysis, solvent free esters saponification, reactions without support or catalyst, examples – microwave assisted reactions in water – oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid, microwave assisted reactions in organic solvent Diels Alder reaction.
UNIT-V: Designing Green Synthesis
Designing Green Synthesis – choice of starting materials, choice of reagents, choice of catalysts – bio catalysts, polymer supported catalysts, choice of solvents.
Synthesis involving basic principles of green chemistry – examples – synthesis of adipic acid, methyl methacrylate, paracetamol.
Ultrasound assisted reactions – esterification, reduction, coupling reactions. Strecker synthesis and reformatsky reaction.
1. Kenneth . Klabunde, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 2002
2. Rashmi Sanghi, M. M. Srivastava, Green Chemistry, Environment Friendly
Alternatives, Narosa Publishing House, 2007
3. V. Kumar, An Introduction to Green Chemistry, Vishal Publishing CO. Jalandhar, 2007
I. Identification of components in a two component mixture and preparation of their derivatives. Determination of boiling point/melting point for components and melting point for their derivatives.
II. Preparation
1. Beta naphthyl methl ether from beta naphthol
2. s–Benzyl isothiuronium chloride from benzylchloride
3. Beta glucose penta acetate from glucose
4. ortho- Benzoyl benzoic acid from phthalic anhydride
5. Resacetophenone from resorcinol
6. para- Nitrobenzoic acid from para nitrotoluene
7. meta-Nitroanilline from meta dinitrobenzene
8. Methyl orange from sulphanillic acid
9. Anthraquinone from antracene
10. Benzhydrol from benophenone
Reference: Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry – B. B. Dey, M. V. Sitaraman
Part – I
Semimicro qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two common and two rare cations. The following are the care to be included: W, Tl, Mo, Te, Se, Ce, Th, Be, Zr, V, U and Li.
Part – II
a) Colorimetric analysis: visual and photometric; determination of iron, nickel, manganese and copper.
b) Preparation of the following:
i. Potassium trioxalatoaluminate (III) trihydrate
ii. Tristhioureacopper (I) chloride
iii. Potassium trioxalatochromate (III) trihydrate
iv. Sodium bis (thiosulphato) cuprate (I)
v. Tetramminecopper (II) sulphate
vi. Potassium Tetrachlorocuprate (II)
c) Separation of mixture of two metal ions by paper chromatography.
Experiments in chemical kinetics, phase rule, Chemical equilibrium and Conductivity measurements:
DETAILED LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Typical list of possible experiments are given. Experiments of similar nature and other experiments may also be given. The list given is only a guideline. A minimum of 15 experiments have to be performed in a year.
Years2
A detailed study of the mechanism of the following rearrangements: Nucleophilic, Electrophilic and Freeradical rearrangements- memory effects, migratory aptitudes, Pinacol-Pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwin, Demyanov, Dienone-Phenol, Favorski, Baeyer-Villiger, Wolff, Stevens, Von-Richter, Clasien, Hofmann, Schmidt, Lossen, Curtius, Beckmann and Fries rearrangements (a few examples in each rearrangement are to be studied).
Synthesis of simple organic molecules using standard reactions like acylation and alkylation of enamines and active methylene compounds. Sulphur ylides, Robinson annulation, protection and deprotection of functional groups (R-OH, R-CHO, RCOR, R-NH2 and R-COOH) Reagents and their uses: DCC, trimethyl silyl iodide, trimethyl silyl chloride, 1,3-dithiane (umpolung), diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL), 9BBN.
Study of the following oxidation reactions with mechanism: Oxidation of alcohols by CrO3, DMSO alone, DMSO in combination with DCC; acetic anhydride and oxalyl chloride, oxidation of arylmethane, oxidation of methylene alpha to carbonyl, allylic oxidation of olefins, oxidative cleavage of glycols, oxidative cleavage of double bonds by ozonolysis.
Study of the following reduction reactions with mechanism: Reduction of carbonyl compounds by hydrides, selectivity in reduction of 4-ter-butyl cyclohexanone using selectrides, Clemmensen and Wolff Kishner reductions, Birch reduction, MPV reduction.
Addition Reactions : Addition of halogen and nitrosyl chloride to olefins, hydration of olefins and acetylenes, hydroboration, Michael addition, 1,3 dipolar addition, Diels-Alder reaction. Mechanism and reactivity. Mannich, Stobbe, Darzen Glycidic ester condensation, Peterson olefination( Silyl Wittig reaction ), Strecker synthesis, Perkin , Thorpe , Ritter , Prins reactions.
Proteins, polypeptides and their synthesis (upto a tripeptide), solid phase synthesis (Merrifield synthesis), determination of primary structure of proteins (end group assay), discussion on secondary and tertiary structure of proteins.
Structure and role of (genetic code) DNA and RNA.(Determination of structure is not required) Biosynthesis of amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosin, 3,4-dopa, praline only) and cholesterol.
Boron hydrides - polyhedral boranes, hydroborate ions-a general study of preparation, properties and structure, styx numbers , Wade’s rules.
Carboranes - types such as closo and nido-preparation, properties and structure. Metallo carboranes - a general study.
Metal clusters - Chemistry of low molecularity metal clusters only-structure of Re2Cl8; multiple metal-metal bonds.
UNIT II Solid - State Chemistry
Structure of Solids; comparison of X-ray, neutron and electron diffractions; Structure of NiAs, CdI2, Pervoskite, spinels and inverse spinels; defects in solids - point defects, line defects and surface defects; Non-stoichiometric compounds; Use of X-ray powder data in identifying inorganic crystalline solids; details for cubic systems.
Electrical properties of solids - Band Theory, semiconductors, super conductors, solid state electrolytes; Magnetic properties - dia, para, ferro, antiferro and ferrimagnetism; hysterisis; ferrites; garnets; Optical properties – solid - state lasers and Inorganic phosphors.
Reactions in solid state and phase transitions - diffusion coefficient, diffusion mechanism, vacancy and interstitial diffusions, formation of spinels; solid solutions, order-disorder transformations and super structure.
Electron transfer reactions - Outer and inner sphere processes; atom transfer reaction, formation and rearrangement of precursor complexes, the bridging ligand, successor complexes; Cross reactions and Marcus-Hush theory; Application of electron transfer reactions in synthesis.
Reaction mechanism of coordination compounds - Substitution reactions, Labile and inert complexes; Kinetic application of V.B and C.F.Theories.
Substitution in square planar complexes - General mechanism; reactivity of Platinum complexes; influences of entering and leaving groups; the trans effect - theories, trans influence.
Substitution in octahedral complexes - general mechanism, discussion of A, D, IA, ID and DCB mechanism; replacement of coordinated water; mechanism of acid hydrolysis and base hydrolysis - Conjugate base mechanism; direct and indirect evidences in favour of the mechanism; application of substitution reaction in the synthesis of Platinum and Cobalt complexes.
Reactions - Association reaction - Only ligand protonation; substitution - electrophilic and nucleophilic attack on ligands; addition and elimination; carbonylation and decarbonylation; oxidative addition to organometallics; fluxional isomerism.
Hydrogenation of olefins (Wilkinsons catalyst); hydroformylation of olefins using Cobalt or Rhodium catalysts (oxo process); Oxidation of olefins to aldehydes and ketones (Wacker process); polymerization (Zeigler-Natta catalyst); Cyclo oligomerization of acetylene using Nickel catalyst (Reppe’s catalyst); polymer bound catalysts.
Metal ions in biological systems - essential and trace metals, Na+/K+ Pump; Biologically important complexes of Iron (transport proteins) - haemoglobin, myoglobin, iron-sulphur proteins, cytochrome-C, Magnesium (chlorophyll), Cobalt (vitamin B12), Zinc (carbonic anhydrase, carboxy peptidase); macrocyclic effect; fixation of Nitrogen.
edition, 1988.
3. E.A.V. Ebsworth, D.WH. Rankine and S. Craddock, Structural methods in Inorganic Chemistry, Black well Scientific Publ., 1987.
7. D.A.Skoog and D.M.West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Holt Rinehart and Winston Publications, IV Edn, 1982.
8. D.A. Skoog, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Saunders College Pub.Co, III Edn., 1985.
9. J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, McGraw Hill Publishers, 1974.
10. A.I Vogel, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Pearson V Edn., 2001.
1. E.L. Mutteri, Polyhedral boranes, Acadamic press, NY, 1975.
2. N.H. Ray, Inorganic polymers, Academic press, NY, 1975.
UNIT – I Quantum Chemistry –I
Photoelectric effect – De Broglie equation – Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Compton effect – operators and commutation relations – quantum mechanical postulates – Schordinger equation and its solution to the problem of a particle in one , three dimensionel boxes and harmonic oscillator. Schrodinger equation for the rigid rotator and Hydrogen atom – arriving solution for energy and wave function – the orgin of quantum numbers and their physical significance – Probability distribution of electrons.
UNIT –II Quantum Chemistry –II
Born – Oppenheimer approximation, Approximation methods – Perturbation and Variation methods – application to Hydrogen and Helium atom – Spin- orbit interaction- LS coupling and JJ coupling- Term symbols and spectroscopic states. Concept of Hybridisation – sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridisation , Huckel Molecular orbital ( HMO) theory for conjugated π - system , application to simple systems such as Ethylene, butadiene and benzene, Self consistant field approximation – Hartree’s and Hartree- Fock Self Consistent field theory, Slater type orbitals – Slater rules.
UNIT-III Electrochemistry –I
Ions in solutions – Debye – Huckel theory of strong electrolytes – Debye-Hückel- onsager equation – verification and limitation – Debye – Hückel limiting law and its extension. Electrode – Electrolyte interface adsorption at electrified interface – electrical double layers – Electro capillary phenomena – Lippmann capillary equation – structure of double layers – Helmholtz Perrin, Guoy Chappman and Stern models of electrical double layers-electro kinetic Phenomena - Tiscelius method of separation of proteins – membrane potential.
UNIT –IV Electrochemistry –II
Mechanism of electrode reactions –the Butler Volmer equation for one step electron transfer reaction – significance of equilibrium exchange current density and symmetry factor – transfer coefficient and its significance – Cyclic voltametry – Principles and applications. Mechanism of Hydrogen and Oxygen evolution reactions. Corrosion and Passivation of metals – construction of Pourbaix and Evans diagrams – Prevention of Corrosion. Electrochemical energy systems – Primary and Secondary batteries – ( dry cells, lead acid – storage batteries, silver - zinc cell, nickel - cadmium battery, mercury cell) – Fuel cells.
UNIT –V Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
Kinetics of surface reactions : Physical and chemical adsorption – adsorption isotherms – types of adsorption isotherms – Langmuir adsorption isotherm – B.E.T. theory for multilayer adsorption – application of transition state theory to adsorption – measurement of surface area – Mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reactions – the adsorption coefficient and its significance.
Acid – Base catalysis – mechanism – Bronsted catalysis Law – catalysis by enzymes – rate of enzyme catalysed reactions – effect of substrate concentration, pH and temperature on enzyme catalysed reactions – inhibition of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
5. S. Glasstone, Introduction to Electrochemistry, Affiliated East West press, New Delhi,1960
6. D.R. Craw, Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry, Chapman and Hall, 1991