St. Peters University
The Distance Education programmes are offered from the academic year 2009-2010. The system of Distance Education includes openness and flexibility to a greater extent. It is open to all adults in india.
Years1
Unit – I – Definition and scope of microbiology – History of microbiology – Spontaneous generation, Germ theory of fermentation – Antiseptic surgery and surgical infection – Germ theory of disease. Diversity of microbial world – Principles of classification – Three Kingdom and Five Kingdom approach – Classification of bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Unit – II – Microscopic Techniques Light microscopes – Simple and compound microscopes – Dark field Microscopes – Phase contrast microscope – Electron microscopes – Transmission and Scanning electron Microscope. Stains and Staining techniques – Simple, Gram’s, Acid fast, Capsular, Endospore and Granular staining.
Unit – III – Cultivation techniques – Nutritional requirements – components and preparation of media – Inoculation and transfer techniques – Pure culture techniques – Preservation of cultures, Bacterial growth curve – Determination of bacterial growth – Factors affecting growth.
Unit –IV – Metabolism – ATP and its production – Carbohydrates – metals – Biosynthetic (Anabolic) Pathway – Photosynthesis – light reaction and dark reaction – gluconeogensis – Catabolic pathways – glycolysis – pathway – TCA cycle and electron transport systems – Fermentation.
Unit – V – Control of microorganisms – Physical methods – Sterilization – Radiation – Filtration – Chemical Methods of sterilization. Antimicrobial chemotherapy – principles of chemotherapy – Antimicrobial drugs – Mode of action – Antimicrobial resistance – Antibiotic sensitivity test.
Unit – I – Carbohydrates – definition classification. Monosaccharides structure, properties and biological significance, disaccharides, Polysaccharides – types and biological importance carbohydrate Metabolism - Glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP shunt, Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis.
Unit – II - Amino acids classification, essential and non – essential amino acids, structure and properties. Proteins – definition, classification and functions – structural levels of organization denaturation and renaturation. Protein metabolism - Deamination, transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacids. Urea cycle.
Unit – III – Enzymes – definition, classification with example active site, lock and key model, induced fit hypothesis, enzyme units – kinetics – factors affecting enzymes activity, MM equation, LB Plot – Enzyme inhibition. Hormones – Definition, Classification of hormones.
Unit – IV – Lipids classifications of lipids physical and chemical properties, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Structure of cell membrane and transpose. Lipid metabolism. b-oxidation, biosynthesis of saturated fatty acid.
Unit – V - Vitamins, classification, occurrence, deficiency symptoms, biochemical functions of fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. pH – definition and determination. Buffers – definition important buffers in blood.
Text Books
1. Practical Biochemistry by Keith Wilson and Jon Walker, Cambridge University Press.
2. Murray RK, DK Granner, PA Mayes and VW Rodwell (1999). Harper’s Biochemistry. 24th Edition, Large Medical Publication.
3. Jain JL (2003). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Deb AC (2004) Concepts of Biochemistry, (Theory and Practical) Books and Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata.
5. Satyanarayana U (2005). Essentials of Biochemistry, Books and Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata.
6. Veerakumari L (2004). Biochemistry. MJP Pubilshers, A Unit of Tamil Nadu Book House, Chennai.
Max. Marks : 100 Exam Duration : 3 Hrs
Algae – Oscillatoria
Fungi – Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp.
Protozoa – Entamoeba spp., Ascaris spp.
Bacteria – Staphylococcus spp. Escherichia coli
Liquid Media - Peptone water, Nutrient broth
Solid Media – Nutrient agar (Agar slant, Agar plate)
Differential medium – Mac Conkey agar
(Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Serratia spp.)
i) Analysis of carbohydrates – Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Sucrose, Lactose and Starch
ii) Analysis of Amino acids – Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Arginine, Methionine, Cystine & Phenylalanine.
i) Estimation of Glycine by formal titration method.
ii) Estimation of Ascorbic acid by 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol dye
iii) Determination of acid number
iv) Determination of saponification value
v) Estimation of urea by DAM colorimetric method.
vi) Estimation of glucose by Ortho – Toludine method.
i) Separation of amino acid and sugars by Ascending Paper chromatography.
ii) Separation of Lipid by TLC.
REFERENCES
Years2
Unit – I – Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) – structure, chemical composition and types – Evidence to prove DNA & RNA as genetic materials. Replication of DNA – mechanism – Enzymology of DNA replication – Types and models of replication.
Unit – II – Genetic code – Gene expression – Transcription – Translation. Gene regulation in bacteria – lac and trp operons. Gene transfer mechanism – Transformation, conjugation and transduction. Mutation – types – mutagens – detection of mutation. DNA repair – mechanism and types.
Unit – III – History of immunology – Immunity – Innate immunity and acquired immunity – Active and passive immunity – Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Organs and cells of the immune system. Antigens – types and properties. Immunoglobulin – structure, function and classes of Immunoglobulins. Monoclonal antibodies – production and applications.
Unit - IV – Antigen and antibody reactions – Agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, Immunofluorescence, ELISA, and RIA. Complement activation – classical and alternative pathways. Hypersensitivity reactions – Type I, II, III and IV, Vaccines – types – Immunization schedule.
Unit V – Transplantation immunology – Mechanism of graft rejection, Clinical manifestation, HLA tissue typing and immunosuppressive therapy. Auto immune diseases – Organ specific and systemic autoimmune diseases – proposed mechanism – treatment. Introduction to tumor immunology – tumor antigens, tumor evasion of the immune system Immunohaematology – Major and minor blood groups – ABO & Rh incompatibility.
Unit – I – Biostatistics definition – types of data sources of data in life science – Limitations and uses of statistics – collection of data – Primary data – Secondary data – classification of data – Tabulation and presentation of data.
Unit – II – Measures of central tendency – Mean, median. Mode – measures of dispersion – standard deviation – correlation – Regression, Sampling methods – standard error – chi – square test.
Unit – III – Introduction to computers – classification – generations Low, medium and high level languages – software and hardware – Input / output and storage devices. Fortran programming – basics – representation of integer and real constants – variable – expression – assignment – statement – 1/0 statements. Control statements – loops, subscripted variables and files.
Unit – IV – Introduction to data processing – records, fields, data collection preparation, verification, editing and checking – backup and file recovery procedure – Sorting – searching and merging – Microsoft excel – data entry graphs – aggregate functions, formulas and functions. Different number systems and conversion.
Unit – V – Foxpro fundamental and programming. Introduction to Foxpro environment – data base creation and use of data insertion, deletion and modification – Sorting and indexing – Managing multiple data base display of data – Foxpro programming. Memory variables data time, math functions – report generation.
1. Isolation of Genomic DNA (Crude method)
2. Isolation of Auxotrophic mutant by replica plate method
3. Isolation of drug resistant mutants by gradient plate method
4. Blood grouping
5. RPR card test / VDRL test
6. Ouchterlony’s double immunodiffusion test
7. Widal test
8. ASO test
9. RA test
10. CRP test
11. ELISA – HBs Ag / HIV & 2 test (Demonstration Only)
BIOSTATISTICS & COMPUTER IN BIOLOGY
(FORTRAN AND FOXPRO)
1. Finding, Mean, Standard deviation and mean deviation for a given problem.
2. Calculating the correlation co-efficient
3. finding regression co-efficients and regression lines.
4. Calculating chi-square test for a given problem
5. Sorting
6. Indexing
7. Multiple database
8. Reports generation
Years3
Unit – I – Collection and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological examinations. Virulence factors of bacteria causing human infections - Normal flora of human body.
Unit – II – Bacteriology – Morphology, Culture, biochemical, pathogenicity, Lab diagnosis and prevention of bacterial diseases – Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli – Spirocheates.
Unit – III – Mycology – Superficial Mycosis – Pityriacis versicolor, cutaneous mycosis – dermatophytosis, subcutaneous mycosis – sporotrichosis, systemic mycosis – Histoplasmosis, opportunistic mycosis. Candidosis, Cryptococcosis.
Unit – IV - Parasitology – Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia solium, Ancylostoma dudenale, Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti.
Unit - V – Medical virology – DNA viruses – Pox, Herpes, Hepatitis Viruses – RNA viruses – Picorna, Arbo viruses – Rhabdo, HIV and oncogenic viruses.
1. Satish Gupte (2006). The Short Text books of Medical Microbiology. 9th Edition, Jaype Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Ananthanarayan R & CK Jayaram Paniker (2005). Text Book of Microbiology. 7th Edition, Orient Longman Private Limited.
3. Rajesh Bhatia & Rattan Lal Ichhpujani (2004) Essentials of Medical Microbiology. 3rd Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Subhash Chandra Parija (2004). Text book of Medical Parasitology – Protozoology and Helminthology. 2nd Edition, Published by All India Publishers & Distributors, Medical Books Publishers, New Delhi.
Reference Book
1. Baron EJ, Peterson LR and Finegold SM (1994). Bailey and Scott’s – Diagnostic Microbiology. 9th Edition, Mosby Publications.
2. Topley & Wilsons (1995). Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology, Edward Arnold, London.
3. Morag C 7 MC Timbury (1994). Medical virology. 10th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, London.
4. Patric R Murray (1990). Medical Microbiology. Mosby Publications.
Unit – I – Microorganisms in food – bacteria, yeast & mold. Factors affecting microbial growth – extrinsic & instrinsic. Food preservation – Principles, Asepsis (anaerobic condition, high temperature, low temperature & drying), Food additives, Canning.
Unit – II – Contamination & spoilage – cereals, vegetables & fruits, Meat & meat products, milk & milk products, fish & sea foods, Egg & Poultry products. Spoilage of canned foods. Detection of spoilage & Characterization.
Unit – III – Food borne disease – Bacterial (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium. Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio) and Non bacterial (fungi). Fermented foods – Dairy products (Cheese, Bread, butter) Vegetable (Sauerkraut) Oriental fermented foods (Soy Sauce) Bioconversion – Vinegar, mushroom cultivation, single cell protein.
Unit – IV – Isolation, screening and preservation of industrially important microorganisms – strain development, development of inoculums and media for industrial fermentation and sterilization. Fermentation types and cultures – Down stream processing, Fermentation systems and control.
Unit – V – Microbial production of wine, organic acids – citric acid, Antibiotics – penicillin, vitamin – B12, Enzyme - a amylase, Amino acids – Glutamic acid, Biotransformations – Steroids and Non steroid compounds.
1. Adams MR & MO Moss (2005). Food Microbiology. 1st Edition. Reprinted, Published by New Age International (P) Limited. Publishers, New Delhi
2. James M Jay (2004). Modern Food Microbiology. 4th Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi
3. Agarwal AK & Pradeep Parihar (2006). Industrial Microbiology. Published by Student Edition, Behind Nasrani Cinema, Chopasani Road, Jodhpur.
4. Patel AH (2005). Industrial Microbiology. Published by Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Purohit SS, AK Saluja, HN Kakrani (2004). Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Ist Edition, Agrobios (India)
Unit – I – Introduction to soil microbiology – Types and significance of soil microbes – Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, nematodes and viruses. Factors affecting microbial population.
Unit – II – Biochemical cycle – carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen – Biological nitrogen fixation. Biofertilizer – Rhizobium and Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria – Mass multiplication.
Unit – III – Microbial interaction between microbes – neutralism, comensalism, synergism, mutualism, ammensalism, competition, parasitism and predation. Interaction of microbes with plants – Rhizosphere.
Unit – IV – Conventional and molecular methods of studying microbial diversity Microbiology of air and water – Aeromicrobial pathways – Enumeration of bacteria from air – Air sampling devices – Air sanitation. Potability of water quality – Indicator organisms – Water purification – Waterborne and their control measures. Positive and negative roles of microbes in environment.
Unit – V – Microbiology of sewage – chemical and biochemical characters of sewage – BOD, COD- Sewage treatment – physical, chemical and biological treatment.
1. Subba Rao NS (2004). Soil Microbiology. 4th Edition, Oxford & IBH Pubilshing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Subba Rao NS (1995). Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry. 3rd Edition, Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Robert L Tate (1995). Soil Microbiology. 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
4. Singh DP & SK Dwivedi (2005). Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1st Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Vijaya Ramesh K (2004). Environmental Microbiology. 1st Edition, MJP Publishers (A Unit of Tamil Nadu Book House) Chennai,
6. Joseph C Daniel (1999) Environment Aspects of Microbiology. 1st Edition, Bright sun Publications, Chennai.
309UMBT04: MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit – I – Biotechnology – Definition – concepts – history and achievements – Introduction to gene manipulation – plasmids – types of plasmids, episomes – plasmid banks – Phasmids, phagemids – cosmids – transposons – Yeast vectors – Properties and general characterization.
Unit – II – Enzymes – restriction endo nucleases – nomenclature, classification and application – nucleases, methylases, ligases – Definition of a gene, structures, cloning techniques – genomic library – cDNA expression systems.
Unit – III – Nucleic acid and protein hybridization techniques – Southern – northern and Western blottings – PCR – DNA sequencing.
Unit – IV – Principles and application of genetic recombinant technology and strain improvement (Mutational, rDNA). Production of biotechnological products – SCP (algae, yeast, mushroom). Biofertilizer (BGA, VAM) Biopesticides – Bacillus thuringiencis – Fuel – ethanol – Microbial algal technology.
Unit – V – Microbial synthesis of commercial production – pharmaceutical products – Interferon – Growth hormone and antibodies – Gene therapy methods.
References
Max. Marks : 100 Exam. Duration : 3 Hours
1. Staining techniques – Gram’s, Ziehl – Neelsen, Capsular, Spore staining.
2. Biochemical identification of bacterial pathogens.
Following tests to be performed : Carbohydrate fermentation, TSI, Indole, MR, VP, Citrate, Urease, Catalase & Oxidase test for
i) Staphylococcus aureus iv) Salmonella typhi
ii) Escherichia coli v) Proteus vulgaris
iii) Klebsiella pneumoniae vi) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3. Normal saline / Lugol’s iodine preparation for parasitic Ova / cyst examination.
4. Stool examination by Zinc – sulphate floatation method.
5. Examination of fungi by KOH and Lactophenol cotton blue stain – Dermatophytes and other fungi.
6. Examination of Candida albicans by gram’s stain, Germ tube and Sugar assimilation test.
7. Examination of Cryptococcus neoformans by Negative staining.
8. Isolation of Lactobacilli and Streptococci from curd.
9. Methylene blue reductase test.
10. AST – Kirby – Bauer disc diffusion method.
1. Examination of Plant Disease
· Blast disease in paddy
· Blight of rice
· Citrus canker
· Tikka leaf spot
2. Isolation of Nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of legumes
3. Isolation and enumeration of micro – organisms from soil by the serial dilution agar plating method.
4. Determination of total bacterial population by standard plate count technique
5. Bacteriological examination of water by multiple tube fermentation test.
· Presumptive coliforms test
· Confirmed test
· Completed test
6. Enumeration of microbes from air by settle plate method.
7. Isolation of bacteriophage from Sewage
8. Paper and thin layer chromatography
9. Cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) (Demonstration)
10. Batch Fermentation using Erlenmeyer flask (Demonstration)
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